What is the Midpoint Formula

Essay on Should Polluters Pay For Polluting - 1998 Words

Thesis: If polluters are harming the environment, the pollution is a moral danger to the ecosystem and should be resolved. If polluters can pay economic compensation for their disruption of the environment, this will not necessarily resolve the problems of the environment. Three authors in this essay offer different perspectives on the issue of making polluters pay, their explicit views of this subject are not observably mentioned in their work, just different positions for and against the idea. As the authors give different reasons for why or why not polluters should pay, they all mention a moral issue is attached to this discussion. I plan to analyze the authors’ readings and interpret their writings for purposes of this essay. From a†¦show more content†¦The true distinction between preferences has created a conflict that confronts what is wanted as an individual with what is believed as a citizen. The conflict therein is obviously one of ethical standards. In relation to the allocation and distribution of resources, Sagoff implies two terms that we can apply to this essay, on the subject of green taxes that may lend a view on the subject. Two theoretical concepts called the â€Å"Economic Man† and â€Å"Money and Meaning† are valuable pieces of information when applied to the concept of green taxes. Picture a normal person who exchanges goods with other people who similarly buy and sell goods. This person is buying goods for low prices and selling high for marginal profit. The only constraints for this person are market prices and self-interest in accumulating potential income. This person is called the â€Å"Economic Man,† although the concept is applicable to all people as previously described. From this perspective, the outlook on making polluters pay could very well resemble an economic rationalists point of view. With this point being made, it appears as though â€Å"Money and Meaning† can be analyzed completely opposite. In the concept â€Å"Money and Meaning,†Show MoreRelatedNational Environmental Policy Act ( Nepa )1598 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscussed with the rationale and application examples in the following part. The first EI to be discussed in the essay is Pollution Charge System which is based on â€Å"Polluter Pay Principle.† Charges are defined as payments for use of resources like prices for goods. Pollution charge system aims to change the economic behaviour of polluters. Charge system internalise the external environmental damage/cost by pricing the pollution-generating activity. Underlying economic rationale behind the charge systemRead MoreCommentary806 Words   |  4 Pagesthat region. For this reason the Australian government is deciding whether to impose taxes on carbon emissions for the worst polluters Figure 1 shows that the marginal private costs of the Australian firms are below the marginal social costs, the pollution created has caused an extra cost to the society, such as respiratory problems for the residents living around the polluting firm. For that reason, Australia is taking the leading role in addressing this problem. The country’s firms are only concernedRead MoreClimate Change Regulation Paper1090 Words   |  5 PagesStorage to develop a comprehensive and coordinated federal strategy to speed the development and deployment of clean coal technologies (EPA, 2012). In the long run the government is attempting to put a plan together to regulate those companies who are polluting the atmosphere by eliminating the amounts of greenhouse gasses ascending into the atmosphere. 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The sprayfields run off and lagoons leak run off, or sometimes fail all together. Polluting both surface waters and groundwater. 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(iii) The onus of proof is on the actor or the developer/industrialist to show that his action is environmentally benign. This principle can be used to hold liable any person or corporation causing environmental degradation. The usual defence of scientific uncertainty regarding the polluting substance or act will not stand in a court of law. HoweverRead MoreAnalyzing the Polluter Pays Principle Through Law and Economics5023 Words   |  21 Pagesinternational negotiation for reducing emissions must be based on four principles: the precautionary principle, the principle of sustainable development, the polluter-pays principle of equity. The strength of ‘contraction and convergengce’ is that it satisfies all these principles. * Sir John Houghton The paper starts with the basic knowledge of the Polluter Pays Principle and proceeds with the Historical evolution of the principle. The paper also deals with how the International and national development ofRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Acceptance Speech For The 2013 Ridenhour Courage Prize 1472 Words   |  6 PagesFacebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg ran through Tiananmen Square in Beijing and posted a photo of it. From the background of the photo, the color of the smoky sky was gray that indicates the serious air pollution. Some sarcastic comments criticize that he should have worn a face mask for his health and a heated online debate about China’s air pollution problems have been raised. The environmental problems have become one of the global realistic matters nowadays urging people to ponder the way of their livingRead MoreA Brief Note On Environmental Taxes, Subsidies, Standards And Market Of Tradable Permits1808 Words   |  8 Pagessustainable growth of the economies, without causing any environmental damage. It could be very stressful for the governments to find the best way of achieving the result. 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Changes Stated In The Accounting Standardâ€Myassignmenethelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Changes Stated In The Accounting Standard? Answer: Introducation The overseas investors and the Australian stakeholders have laid down to view regular and equal tax position of organizations. Such supervision offers the companies with the facilities of communicating their tax information which is consistent with the altering international disclosure practice together with the disclosure requirements of ASIC regarding the Non-GAAP. This needs the disclosure of an ETR depending upon the corporate tax with the objective of enabling the companies to comply with tax rate. Such kind of directions assist in establishing the necessary disclosure with the purpose of ascertaining that the interested parties are able to understand the variations amid the ETR under the code and ETR for bookkeeping in agreement with the accounting standard. Contracts associated with insurance: (18-05-17) The insurance analyst of Australia would follow the advantage from the enhanced international comparison which is given with the help of IFRS 17 contracts which is issued by the IASB. According to this contract, the international insurers are not permitted use historical cost during the preparation of financial reports. With the help of this contract opportunities are provided to create a balance and unprofitable business under the solitary portfolio resulting in early identification of losses. ED 280 Property Plant and Equipment The ED 280 Property Plant and Equipment lays down the proposal of narrowing the amendments to AASB 116- Property, Plant and Equipment. According to the Proposal, the proceeds derived from the sale of items in carrying the Property, Plant and Equipment to the necessary conditions and locations it is important to function in the projected method by the administration. For instance the inventory at the time of testing the machinery will be considered in the profit and loss report and it is not required to be subtracted from the cost of asset. Improved infrastructure for transparency of taxpayers: (20-07-2017) According to the development, the companies of public sector are under obligation of realizing the asset and liabilities with the partnership of public and private sector firms. AASB and International Public Sector Accounting Standard Board Pronouncements: Staff Report (11-05-2017) AASB offers the input for the development of high quality accounting standards to make sure that Public Sector Financial Accounting improves the responsibilities and the needs of users with public interest. AASB is responding to the feedback on reviewing the IFRS adoption that provides guidance for public sector in preparing financial statements. AASB Staff Paper Modification to AASB for Non-for-profit firm (11-05-17) The publication provides the not-for-profit financial statements to have understanding of current modification to IFRS Standard for Non-For-Profit entities. Preparers and auditors of Not-for-Profit monetary statements will the opening of better understanding and the rationale involved in the specific modification that have been made by the IFRS standards. Uncertainty concerning Income Tax Treatment: (23-07-2017) AASB 1053 considers the implementations of the differential reporting structure comprising of the two-tier report. Publicly responsible for-profit companies are required to undertake the Tier-1 management and comply with the requirements of IFRS. Tier 2 consist of the identification and measurement of Tier 1 requirements. References Aasb.gov.au. (2017).News. [online] Available at: https://www.aasb.gov.au/News.aspx [Accessed 28 Aug. 2017]. Cpaaustraliaadvice.com.au. (2017).Home. [online] Available at: https://www.cpaaustraliaadvice.com.au/ [Accessed 28 Aug. 2017].

Intelligence Genetic And Environmental Factors Essays -

Intelligence: Genetic And Environmental Factors Intelligence: Genetic and Environmental Factors One of the most interesting and controversial areas in behavioral genetics, human intelligence is currently assumed to be subject to both genetic and environmental influences. While this assumption is accepted by a majority of geneticists and behavioral scientists, there is great disagreement on the degree of influence each contributes. Arguments for environmental influences are compelling; at the same time there is growing evidence that genetic influence on intelligence is significant and substantial (Eyesenck, 1998; Mackintosh, 1998; Plomin, 1994; Steen, 1996). The purpose of this paper is to explore the question: How is intelligence influenced by heredity and environment? What is Intelligence? It is often difficult to remember that intelligence is purely a social construct, and as such is limited to operational definitions. Binet & Simon (1905, as cited in Mackintosh) defined it purely in terms of mental ability: the ability to judge well, to comprehend well, to reason well. Wechsler (1944, as cited in Mackintosh) added behavioral factors: the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with the environment. Sternberg (1985) synthesizes the previous definitions, defining intelligence as the mental capacity of emitting contextually appropriate behavior at those regions in the experiential continuum that involve response to novelty or automatization of information processing as a function of metacomponents, performance components, and knowledge acquisition components. Gardner (1993) took the definition to a societal level, as the ability or skill to solve problems or to fashion products which are valued wit hin a cultural setting. Measurement of Intelligence: IQ Tests Alfred Binet developed the first IQ tests to identify children who would not benefit from public school instruction. His concept involved the idea that certain mental tasks are appropriate to certain ages, such as the ability to recite the names of the months: while expected of a ten year old, such ability would be rare in a three year old. Binet quantified intelligence as the Intelligence Quotient (IQ): the ratio of mental age to chronological age, multiplied by 100. Reasoning that low intelligence stemmed from improper development, Binet envisioned the test as a first step in treatment: a diagnostic instrument used to detect children with inadequate intelligence in order to treat them using mental orthopedics. Binet argued forcefully against the idea that intelligence is fixed or innate: We must protest and react against this brutal pessimism (Lewontin, Rose, & Kamen, 1984). However, those who translated his test into English tended to disagree, arguing that the test measured an innate and immutable, genetically inherited characteristic. After Binet's death in 1911, the Galtonian eugenicists assumed control, shifting the focus firmly toward genetic explanations by insisting that differences in intelligence between social classes and races were due to inherent genetic differences. Over time, the tests were standardized to correspond to a priori conceptions of intelligence by including items that correlated well with school performance. Test items that differentiated between gender were removed; items that differentiated between social classes were left in because it is these differences that the tests are meant to measure (Lewontin, Rose & Kamin, 1984). There are many criticisms of the use of IQ test as a measure of intelligence. IQ tests limit our definition of intelligence: they are powerful predictors only in the fields in which literacy and mathematical ability are of central importance. Mental aptitudes not requiring excellence in these two abilities are left out. The result is that we tend to view creative abilities such as art, music, dance, cooking, and raising children as having little connection with IQ. Other criticisms are more serious: there is a long and ugly history of using IQ tests for eugenic purposes. One of the more benign eugenic programs involves sorting people into categories for educational purposes. In these programs (tracking in the US, streaming in England) children are sorted into fast and slow learners and placed in classes accordingly, which may seriously impact career and life choices. Another use for IQ tests is to predict outcomes. Eyesenck (1998) cites a study in which all five year olds on the Isle of Wight were given IQ tests and final school grades were predicted. At age sixteen, the children were tested again; IQ scores